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THEME PAPER
especially for the urban poor, Historicity reforms and real estate
recent steps of the government The governance in India development in China
include increased budgetary in reference to the housing have replaced the socialist
allocation for the purpose sector has undergone various welfare housing provision.
of construction of low-cost, changes. From provider of China has undergone two
affordable housing. It also ownership housing in the ‘Housing Revolutions’ in
includes provision of credit 1970s-80s and financing the 20th Century, from a
and government assistance, housing in the 1980s-90s, the socialist revolution to a neo-
increased role of urban local government’s role has become liberal capitalist one. At
bodies, rental and migrant extensive in providing social the beginning of the 1980s,
housing and workers’ hostels. housing as well as that of a about 80 percent of Chinese
Housing studies establish facilitator and incorporator of urban residents rented their
the manifestation of rising private players (Table 1). accommodation, mostly
inequality between those in from state-owned employers,
need of housing and those in Since the start of the 21st and lived in overcrowded
abundance (Kumar, 2016). century, the Government of communal buildings inside
India has focused its attention work unit compounds.
Despite China’s regulated on creating world-class urban
housing market and Hukou spaces in the country. Several Thus, housing was linked to
system, there exists a policies were created to attain employment. More than four-
dichotomy in the housing the objectives of providing fifth of official urban residents
scenario of the country. For urban infrastructure, now own their homes and
both countries, issues such as affordable housing for all, live inside gated communities
housing stock affordability, maintenance and renovation (Wang, 2013).
speculative investment, of heritage sites, providing Through a series of reforms
housing market imbalances, and financing the basic involving a gradual change
social housing, vacant amenities. from private rental housing to
housing, as well as prevailing Over the decades, market public rental housing in 1949-
wealth inequalities have led system-based housing 1956 and 1956-1976 to private
to imbalances in housing
demand and supply. Rapid Table 1: Housing Policies and Reforms in India, 1970-2020
migration towards the urban
centers has propelled the Year Reform
demand for social, rental and
migrant housing. 1970s-1980s Provider of Ownership Housing
1980s-2000s Provider of Ownership Housing to Financing
The rapidity with which Housing
housing demands are
increasing in the two countries 2000s Financing Housing to Facilitator of Housing Activity
can be traced to the slow and Incorporation of Private Players
pace of housing governance. Post Housing Supply, Private Sector Participation, Real
The discussion below briefly Pandemic Estate Regulations and Governance, Affordable,
describes the governments’ Rental, Migrant Housing, Housing Finance,
role in providing housing Technology
to their people in the two
countries. Source: Author
April 2022 Volume 23 No. 1 - SHELTER 7
