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CASE STUDIES

Figure 11: Access to piped water, to all the households with for the newly built houses
metered electricity, and pucca basic services despite efforts makes it a non-essential item
road: to converge with the Atal for the states. Given that
Mission for Rejuvenation smaller cities are the primary
and Urban Transformation recipients of these newly
(AMRUT); and even with built houses, their limited
the help of reforms for capacity to raise additional
earmarking ULB share finances for infrastructure
for laying infrastructure. improvement may result in
Inadequate focus on holistic improved houses, but without
spatial planning and the necessary infrastructure
ensuring access to basic access. The unavailability of
civic infrastructure as part of city-level planning tools may
PMAY (U) could potentially further entrench this gap.
put the opportunity for
habitat improvement at risk. WAY FORWARD
The housing for all plan of Affordable housing is taking
per cent in Kerala and 7 per
cent in Tamil Nadu (Figure action (HfAPoA) mandated center stage internationally
11). The study highlights under PMAY-Urban does not and on the national agenda.
that amenities like water provide for spatial planning With housing recognised as
supply and electricity, which and also ignores holistic city- a basic need, governments at
require HHs to approach the level planning. This results every level discuss ways and
authorities, are still relatively in a house-only approach means to provide this service
accessible, but the extent rather than neighbourhood to every citizen, particularly
of public infrastructure is habitat development. the urban poor. Housing has
deficient because of the lack of Further, the absence of any three key enablers: access to
appropriate habitat planning. financial contribution from land, holistic city planning,
the central government and access to institutional
States have not been able towards improving the last- finance (Figure 12). These
to provide adequate access mile basic civic infrastructure are crucial aspects that the

Box 1: Slum upgradation and delisting under JAGA Mission in Odisha

With the launch of the Odisha Land Rights to Slum Dwellers Act and Jaga Mission during
2017-18, the government recognised the collective responsibility of improving the quality of
life of the slum dwellers by ensuring integrated and planned growth of the cities with adequate
infrastructure and services. While in the first phase of the Jaga mission, the government was
committed to securing land rights for the urban poor, in its second phase, it prioritised ‘Slum
Upgradation and Delisting’ through the creation of necessary basic civic infrastructures like
access to water supply, pucca roads, pucca stormwater drainage, street lights, access to toilet
facilities and in-house electricity along with the community Centre called ‘Parichaya,’ creation
of open space and child-friendly parks and bringing the tenable slums at par with the rest of
the city.

April 2022 Volume 23 No. 1 - SHELTER 59