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CASE STUDIES
Free India’. The Jawaharlal b) Credit Linked Subsidy Figure 2: Progress under various
Nehru National Urban Scheme (CLSS); c) Affordable PMAY verticals
Renewal Mission (JNNURM) Housing in Partnership
launched in 2005 was a step (AHP); and d) Beneficiary-
towards urban development Led Individual House
and was used as an Construction/Enhancement
incentive fund to bridge the (BLC) of individual houses.
investment gap in affordable It is a multi-faceted program
housing through two sub- offering a variety of options
missions – Basic Services and products to the wide
for Urban Poor (BSUP) and socio-economic sections 2). The BLC vertical focuses
Integrated Housing and Slum of the population, and on improving housing
Development Programme the construction of new conditions of the urban
(IHSDP). However, these houses under PMAY-U has poor by providing financial
programmes failed to achieve accelerated in recent years. assistance to individual
the desired outcome for It has sanctioned housing eligible families belonging
various reasons, including units about ten times and to the EWS category to
deficiency in preparation and completed almost five times either construct new houses
appraisal of detailed projects, than the past programmes or expand existing houses,
non-availability of land, combined, as shown in Figure subject to owning a land
escalation in costs, change in 1 . parcel in the city. This vertical
1
design and scope, ambiguity has made substantial progress
in defining tenability, However, among the four because land provisioning
different interpretations of verticals, it is observed that the remains the responsibility
“infrastructure for public BLC component of PMAY(U) of the household (HH). The
purpose” etc. (Kundu, 2013). has been the most successful,
with almost 75 percent uptake progress under other verticals
To address the housing across 35 states/UTs (Figure has been relatively modest
requirements of the urban due to the lack of affordability
poor, including slum Figure 1: Progress under among the poor, low level of
dwellers, the Pradhan Mantri different housing programmes private sector participation,
Awas Yojana (PMAY-Urban), and the reluctance of the
or the mission of ‘Housing for private players to adhere
All by 2022’, was launched to various stipulations, as
by the Hon’ble Prime envisaged under the PMAY-
Minister in 2015. The current Urban (PMAY-U) (Kumar &
programme brought forth by Kundu, 2018). Although AHP
the Government of India has emerged as the second most
four verticals to channelise preferred vertical (27 per
its subsidies: a) In-Situ cent), experience has revealed
Slum Redevelopment (ISSR) that private sector investment
using land as a resource; in affordable housing was
feasible only in centrally-
located slums, where land
1 https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/17(5).pdf prices were high. Private
https://pmay-urban.gov.in/uploads/progress-pdfs/6243ea311a29b-National.pdf investments in the peripheral
https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/RAY_Progress(1).pdf areas were unviable, as
April 2022 Volume 23 No. 1 - SHELTER 51
