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POLICY REVIEW
side to this; with low turn- and the private partners get agents, viz. government
around time and fewer free sale component in the (central/state/ULB) and
complexities, CLSS becomes form of extra Floor Space private sector affordable
an easy and efficient choice Index (FSI) or Transferable housing developers. Unlike
for policymakers. Kundu and Development Rights (TDR). the private players in
Kumar (2017) highlighted the ISSR scheme implementation ISSR who receive free sale
dilution of the inclusive and process involves the active component (FSI or TDR),
pro-poor agenda of PMAY–U participation of agents such under AHP, the developers
when the policymakers as government authorities only get central assistance of
enhanced the income limits (central/state/ULB), `1.5 lakh ($1883) per housing
for the eligibility criteria private landowners, private unit constructed through
for availing of the interest developers, and slum the project. Moreover, to
subsidy to include Middle dwellers’ associations (Table become eligible for assistance,
Income Group households 1). As multi-institutional the project has to build a
with annual income up to `18 interests are involved in the minimum of 250 housing
lakh. process, the time taken to units, of which 35% must
resolve disagreements and be allocated to low-income
Supply-push top-down conflicts leads to a higher beneficiaries. These rather
strategies (ISSR and AHP) gestation period for each stringent eligibility criteria
The verticals, ISSR and AHP, project. Typically, the delay and lack of incentives like
constitute a top-down supply- is attributable to land issues, FSI and TDR make AHP an
push wherein the policy tendering issues, financing unattractive proposition for
impetus flows from the top issues with developers, delays private players, affecting the
(government authorities) to in approvals, and negotiations uptake of this scheme among
the bottom (end beneficiary) of with slum dwellers’ developers. Additionally, for
the policy chain. ISSR vertical associations (MoHUA, a project to take off under
follows PPP model in which 2021b). Overall, the ISSR AHP, the private developer
the policy intervention starts implementation is complex has to find it profitable
at the very beginning, when and involves delays owing to while meeting the eligibility
slum dwellers and private policy implementation that criteria. All the negotiations
players are approached necessitates the involvement and consultations during
for redevelopment by the of multiple agents. the project planning already
authorities. ISSR vertical account for a more extended
uses land as a resource Similarly, the AHP vertical gestation period.
to redevelop slums on also follows the PPP model
government (central/state/ requiring consultations CONCLUSIONS
ULBs) land or private land and negotiations between Though the choice of policies
with the help of the private the government (state by the central government
sector. The beneficiaries and/or ULBs) and private is balanced between two
under ISSR receive housing developers (Table 1). The supply-side (ISSR and AHP)
along with basic civic policy intervention is planned and two demand-side (BLC
services (like water supply, before the construction of and CLSS) policies, the current
electricity, and sanitation) the project which involves performance is lopsided
a coordinated effort by two towards the demand-side
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